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<title>Elihu Root</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Senator Root" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Senator_Root_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Senator Root (disambiguation)">Senator Root (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Elihu Root</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Root in 1902</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">38th <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>July 19, 1905 – January 27, 1909</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Robert Bacon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">41st <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>August 1, 1899 – January 31, 1904</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></li>

<li>Theodore Roosevelt</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Russell A. Alger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br>from <a href="New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>March 4, 1909 – March 3, 1915</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Thomas C. Platt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="James_Wolcott_Wadsworth_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr.">James Wadsworth</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York">United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>March 12, 1883 – July 6, 1885</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a><br><a href="Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Stewart L. Woodford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="William_Dorsheimer" title="William Dorsheimer">William Dorsheimer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1845-02-15</span>)</span>February 15, 1845<br><a href="Clinton%2C_Oneida_County%2C_New_York" title="Clinton, Oneida County, New York">Clinton, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 7, 1937<span style="display:none">(1937-02-07)</span> (aged 91)<br>New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Clara Wales</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Oren_Root_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oren Root II">Oren Root II</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Hamilton_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton College (New York)">Hamilton College</a> (<a href="Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)<br><a href="New_York_University_School_of_Law" title="New York University School of Law">New York University</a> (<a href="Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Elihu Root</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</span></span>; February 15, 1845 – February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer, <a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> politician, and statesman who served as the 41st <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> under presidents <a href="William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> and <a href="Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and the 38th <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> under Roosevelt. In both positions as well as a long legal career, he pioneered the American practice of international law. Root is sometimes considered the prototype of the 20th-century political "<a href="The_Wise_Men_(book)" title="The Wise Men (book)">wise man</a>", advising presidents on a range of foreign and domestic issues.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as a <a href="United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a> from New York and received the 1912 <a href="Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.

</p><p>Root was a leading New York City lawyer who moved frequently between high-level appointed government positions in Washington, D.C., and <a href="Private-sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Private-sector">private-sector</a> legal practice in New York. He headed organizations such as the <a href="Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> and the <a href="American_Society_of_International_Law" title="American Society of International Law">American Society of International Law</a>.

</p><p>As Secretary of War from 1899 to 1904, Root administered colonial possessions won in the <a href="Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. Root favored a paternalistic approach to colonial administration, emphasizing technology, engineering, and disinterested public service. He helped craft the <a href="Foraker_Act" title="Foraker Act">Foraker Act</a> of 1900, the <a href="Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> of 1901, and the <a href="Philippine_Organic_Act_(1902)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Organic Act (1902)">Philippine Organic Act (1902)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Root also <a href="History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">modernized the Army</a> into a professional military apparatus with a general staff, restructured the <a href="National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a>, and established the <a href="United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">U.S. Army War College</a>.

</p><p>Root returned to the Roosevelt administration as Secretary of State from 1905 to 1909. He modernized the consular service by minimizing patronage, maintained the <a href="Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a> in China, promoted friendly relations with Latin America, and resolved frictions with Japan over the immigration and treatment of Japanese citizens to the <a href="West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a>. He negotiated 24 bilateral <a href="International_arbitration" title="International arbitration">international arbitration</a> treaties, which led to the creation of the <a href="Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As a <a href="United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a> from <a href="New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, Root was a conservative supporter of President <a href="William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, playing a central role in Taft's nomination to a second term at the <a href="1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 Republican National Convention</a>. By 1916, he was a leading proponent of <a href="Military_preparedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Military preparedness">military preparedness</a> with the expectation that the United States would enter <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. President <a href="Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> sent him to Russia in 1917 in an unsuccessful effort to establish an alliance with the new <a href="Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">revolutionary government</a> that had replaced the <a href="Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Czar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Root supported Wilson's vision of the <a href="League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> but with <a href="Lodge_Reservations" title="Lodge Reservations">reservations</a> along the lines proposed by Republican senator <a href="Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div>

<p>Elihu Root was born on February 15, 1845, in <a href="Clinton%2C_Oneida_County%2C_New_York" title="Clinton, Oneida County, New York">Clinton, Oneida County, New York</a>, to Oren Root and Nancy Whitney Buttrick, both of <a href="English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a professor of mathematics at <a href="Hamilton_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton College (New York)">Hamilton College</a>.

</p><p>Elihu studied at local schools, including the Clinton Grammar School and the <a href="Williston_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Williston Seminary">Williston Seminary</a>, where he was a classmate of <a href="G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a>, before enrolling at Hamilton. He joined the <a href="Sigma_Phi" title="Sigma Phi">Sigma Phi</a> Society and was elected to <a href="Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduation, Root was an instructor of physical education for two years at Williston Seminary and taught for one year at the <a href="Rome%2C_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a> Free Academy.

</p><p>Despite his parents' encouragement to become a <a href="Presbyterian_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian minister">Presbyterian minister</a>, Root moved to New York City in 1865 with his brother Wally and sought a career in the law. He enrolled at <a href="New_York_University_School_of_Law" title="New York University School of Law">New York University School of Law</a> and earned money teaching American history at elite girls' schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193854_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193854-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, most law students in the United States applied for admission to the bar after one year of study, but Root stayed on for a second year, essentially a private tutelage under Professor <a href="John_Norton_Pomeroy" title="John Norton Pomeroy">John Norton Pomeroy</a>. He graduated in 1867 with a <a href="Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> and was admitted to the bar on June 18, 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193861–62_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193861–62-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_and_business_career">Legal and business career</h2></div>

<p>Upon his admission to the bar, Root completed a year of unpaid apprenticeship at the leading New York City firm Mann and Parsons. In 1868, he and several other young lawyers founded the firm of Strahan & Root with offices on <a href="Financial_District%2C_Manhattan" title="Financial District, Manhattan">Pine Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193866–69_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193866–69-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had various partners through 1897, when a disagreement led to the dissolution of his firm and the formation of <a href="Winthrop%2C_Stimson%2C_Putnam_%26_Roberts" title="Winthrop, Stimson, Putnam & Roberts">Root, Howard, Winthrop & Stimson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938162_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938162-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a predecessor of the modern firm <a href="Pillsbury_Winthrop_Shaw_Pittman" title="Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman">Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PWSP_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWSP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>His early work was assorted and menial, but expanded rapidly after he met John J. Donaldson, the president of the <a href="Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a>, through their pastor. Donaldson hired Root as a Latin tutor and was impressed with his ability as a lawyer, eventually sending him personal matters and small cases for the Bank. In March 1869, Root was hired to reorganize the bank to acquire a <a href="State_bank_(United_States)" title="State bank (United States)">state charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193866–69_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193866–69-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, Alexander Compton was elevated to the partnership, and the firm was renamed Compton & Root. Root's public profile and professional reputation were enhanced by his defense of <a href="Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> boss <a href="William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed">William M. Tweed</a>, and Compton & Root grew throughout the 1870s into a varied practice with a primary focus on banks, railroads, wills and estates, and municipal government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._VI_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._VI-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Root was admitted to the bar of the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–18_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1883, President <a href="Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> appointed him U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, the chief government attorney in New York City. As U.S. Attorney, Root headed the prosecutions for the Ward and Grant fraud which precipitated the <a href="Panic_of_1884" title="Panic of 1884">Panic of 1884</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Through 1899, Root took on many other prominent and wealthy clients, including <a href="Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a>, <a href="Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, <a href="Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Charles Anderson Dana</a>, <a href="William_C._Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Whitney">William C. Whitney</a>, <a href="Thomas_Fortune_Ryan" title="Thomas Fortune Ryan">Thomas Fortune Ryan</a>, the <a href="Havemeyer_family" title="Havemeyer family">Havemeyer family</a>, <a href="Delmonico's" title="Delmonico's">Charlie Delmonico</a>, and <a href="E._H._Harriman" title="E. H. Harriman">E. H. Harriman</a>. In 1889, Root advised <a href="Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a> <a href="Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Thomas Brackett Reed</a> on <a href="Thomas_Brackett_Reed#Rules_reform" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">his controversial efforts to revise the House rules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938162_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938162-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On January 19, 1898, Root was elected a member of the executive committee of the newly formed <a href="North_American_Trust_Company" title="North American Trust Company">North American Trust Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-trenholm_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-trenholm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After moving to Washington in 1899, Root never again became partner in a firm. His public career lasted through 1915, when Root returned to practice in an <a href="Of_counsel" title="Of counsel">of counsel</a> role at his son's firm of Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938162_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938162-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around that time, Root was elected the <a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Bar_Association" title="List of presidents of the American Bar Association">38th president of the American Bar Association</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_of_Tweed_ring">Defense of Tweed ring</h3></div>

<p>In December 1871, <a href="Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> <a href="Political_boss" title="Political boss">boss</a> <a href="William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed">William M. Tweed</a> was indicted on charges of deceit and fraud in connection to his real estate dealings and political corruption. Tweed retained eminent defense counsel led by <a href="David_Dudley_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="David Dudley Field">David Dudley Field</a>; Root joined the case on behalf of Tweed's co-defendant James Ingersoll, a furniture manufacturer who stood accused of fraudulently billing the city government for millions of dollars. Root's law partner, Alexander Compton, was Ingersoll's cousin by marriage, and Compton turned the case over to Root due to his courtroom experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his family's dismay, he accepted the case and joined Tweed's defense in addition to Ingersoll's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Tweed case stretched on for years, with the first trial commencing more than fifteen months after the indictment and ending in a hung jury. Four more indictments were brought in November 1873 after the defense's failed attempt to get judge <a href="Noah_Davis_(judge)" title="Noah Davis (judge)">Noah Davis</a> to recuse himself. Root took a minor role in the proceedings, examining jurors and occasionally cross-examining the prosecution witnesses. The jury returned a guilty verdict on two hundred and four counts; Davis imposed a sentence of twelve years and a $12,750 fine, later reduced on appeal. Three of Tweed's attorneys were fined for contempt of court; Root was not among them. Instead, Davis addressed the junior attorneys:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<blockquote><p>"I know how young lawyers are apt to follow their seniors. ... [Elihu Root and <a href="Willard_Bartlett" title="Willard Bartlett">Willard Bartlett</a>] displayed great ability during the trial. I shall impose no penalty, except what they may find in these few words of advice: I ask you young gentlemen, to remember that good faith to a client never can justify or require bad faith to your own consciences, and that however good a thing it may be to be known as successful and great lawyers, it is even a better thing to be known as honest men."</p></blockquote>

<p>Root took a more active role in the Ingersoll defense, successfully appealing a jurisdictional issue to the <a href="New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a>. Judge Allen remarked to Root's co-counsel that Root's argument "was not excelled by any in the case." Ingersoll was ultimately sentenced to five years but was pardoned by Governor <a href="Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After Root had risen to national prominence, his work on the Tweed case formed the basis for public attacks from newspapers owned and directed by <a href="William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>, particularly after Root opposed Hearst's 1906 campaign for governor. Hearst exaggerated Root's role in the case and implied he had advised Tweed on political corruption before his indictment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Root's fee in the case, paid partly in cash and partly by a real estate transfer, also came in for criticism, with Hearst papers implying that Root had inherited Tweed's mansion. In fact, Tweed was penniless after paying the fines assessed against him, and his heavily encumbered real estate holdings were his lone assets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_(1883–85)">U.S. Attorney for the Southern District (1883–85)</h3></div>

<p>Early in his legal career, Root joined the <a href="Union_League_Club" title="Union League Club">Union League Club</a>, where he met a number of young New York Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193870–71_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193870–71-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He avoided political office personally, believing that it would obstruct his legal career. As an example, he cited <a href="Robert_H._Strahan" title="Robert H. Strahan">Robert H. Strahan</a>, an early law partner who had entered state politics. "It ruined him as a lawyer," Root said in 1930. "He got in the habit politicians have of sitting around and talking instead of working."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–18_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, after his 1878 marriage and move to <a href="55th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="55th Street (Manhattan)">East 55th Street</a>, Root became actively involved in the Republican Party organization in his <a href="New_York's_21st_State_Assembly_district" title="New York's 21st State Assembly district">well-to-do State Assembly district</a>. He also expanded his involvement at the Union League Club, where his father-in-law was an active member. In 1879, he was elected to the Club's executive committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938116–18_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938116–18-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Through the Club, Root met <a href="Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, an experienced Manhattan attorney and the powerful <a href="Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a>. In 1879, Arthur and <a href="Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Alonzo B. Cornell</a> persuaded Root to stand for <a href="New_York_Court_of_Common_Pleas" title="New York Court of Common Pleas">the Court of Common Pleas</a>. Root viewed the campaign as hopeless given the city's Democratic reputation, took no part in the campaign, and was relieved to lose the election. He never again stood for a popular election, other than as a delegate to party conventions, but his association with Arthur rapidly advanced his national profile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–18_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, Arthur was elected <a href="Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> with Root's support. Root attended the inauguration and was among the friends at Arthur's New York home on September 19, 1881, when the Vice President was informed that President <a href="James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> had succumbed to <a href="Assassination_of_James_Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of James Garfield">an assassin's bullet</a> and that he had succeeded to the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1881, Root encountered another future President: <a href="Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who was elected to the State Assembly from Root's district. Root actively supported the young Roosevelt's career by signing Roosevelt's nomination papers, aiding in efforts to sideline a rival candidate, and speaking on behalf of <a href="1886_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1886 New York City mayoral election">his 1886 mayoral campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938134_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938134-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Though many observers expected Arthur would offer Root appointment as Attorney General or to another cabinet post, in March 1883 he appointed Root <a href="United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York">United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–118,_136–139_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–118,_136–139-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was limited opposition to his nomination given that Arthur was trying to force out a political rival, <a href="Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Stewart L. Woodford</a>, who had been appointed by Garfield, but he was approved by the Senate and sworn in on March 12. The role was part-time, with Root devoting his mornings to the Attorney's office and his afternoons to his private practice. Many of his cases were suits for the refund of customs duties paid under protest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938136–40_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938136–40-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_law">International law</h4></div>

<p>As U.S. Attorney, Root had his first exposure to <a href="International_law" title="International law">international law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938136–40_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938136–40-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would become the cornerstone of his public legacy. He prosecuted two cases for violation of United States <a href="Neutrality_Act_of_1794" title="Neutrality Act of 1794">neutrality laws</a> against vessels for aiding Haitian and Colombian insurgents and defended the government in the <a href="Head_Money_Cases" title="Head Money Cases">Head Money Cases</a>, a challenge to the <a href="Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a> on grounds that it conflicted with international treaties with the <a href="Republic_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Netherlands">Republic of the Netherlands</a>. The suit was appealed to the Supreme Court, where the government prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938136–40_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938136–40-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ward_and_Grant_prosecutions">Ward and Grant prosecutions</h4></div>

<p>Root's highest profile case as U.S. Attorney was the prosecution for embezzlement of James C. Fish, a partner in Ward and Grant, a <a href="Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi scheme</a> trading on the name of former President <a href="Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> and his son, <a href="Ulysses_S._Grant_Jr." title="Ulysses S. Grant Jr.">Ulysses Jr.</a> The collapse of Ward and Grant precipitated the <a href="Panic_of_1884" title="Panic of 1884">Panic of 1884</a>. Fish offered a defense of ignorance, claiming that he had been fooled by the scheme, just as the Grants had been. For six weeks, Root devoted his full attention to the case, including the deposition of former President Grant, who died before a verdict was reached. The jury returned a guilty verdict after a night of deliberation, and Fish was sentenced to ten years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Fish verdict won Root praise in the press. According to the <i><a href="New_York_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Sun">New York Sun</a></i>, "The manner in which he conducted the prosecution... has won him high praise wherever reports of the trial have been published. The cross-examination of the defendant was characterized by exceptional acumen and professional skill, and was made much more effective than it would otherwise have been by Mr. Root's evident familiarity with the details of the banking business." The <i><a href="Mail_and_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail and Express">Mail and Express</a></i> wrote: "The credit of the result must be awarded mainly to the District Attorney." In particular, Root was credited with vindicating the late President: "The unspeakable meanness of the conspirators in trying to save themselves by implicating General Grant in their fraudulent transactions... was dealt with in terms of deserved scorn and severity by the District Attorney."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Just before his resignation, Root successfully won an indictment of Fish's co-conspirator, Ferdinand Ward. He quietly submitted his resignation to President <a href="Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> on July 1, 1885. Two other members of the conspiracy were later prosecuted, and Root returned from private life to assist with the prosecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_War_(1899–1904)">Secretary of War (1899–1904)</h2></div>

<p>In July 1899, President <a href="William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> offered Root a position in his cabinet as <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>. The offer came on the heels of the <a href="Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. In general, the war had been a success, but Secretary <a href="Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Russell A. Alger</a> had come under heavy criticism for his management of the department, and McKinley had requested his resignation. At first, Root declined, but accepted when he realized "McKinley wanted a lawyer to run the governments of the islands."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938116_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938116-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As Secretary of War, Root actively framed the establishment of civilian governments in the new American territories of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. He also modernized the Department of War. His rapid success and popularity led Root to become the first choice of the Republican National Committee for the vice presidential nomination in <a href="1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900</a> by December 1899, but McKinley had objected to losing his Secretary of War, and Root himself preferred to stay in the Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938230–33_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938230–33-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nomination ultimately went to <a href="Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> over his own objection and led to his ascension as President upon the <a href="Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassination of McKinley</a> in 1901.

</p><p>During the <a href="Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> of 1900, Root handled foreign policy matters for Secretary of State <a href="John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a>, who was ill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938234_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938234-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Root resigned from the cabinet on February 1, 1904, and returned to private practice as a lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by <a href="William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_reforms">Military reforms</h3></div>

<p>At Root's appointment, the Department of War had a public reputation for inefficiency, corruption, and scandals which had characterized Alger's tenure and the war. His immediate focus was reforming military administration, which he viewed as a prerequisite for success in territorial administration or any future military campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938220–22_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938220–22-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the United States had just completed a successful, brief military campaign against Spain, its officer corps was still organized on peacetime terms; Root set about permanently placing the United States military on a war footing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Root worked closely with Adjutant General <a href="Henry_Clark_Corbin" title="Henry Clark Corbin">Henry Clark Corbin</a> and <a href="William_Harding_Carter" title="William Harding Carter">William Harding Carter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938225–26_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938225–26-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>His chief obstacle was Commanding General of the Army <a href="Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a>; the offices of Commanding General and Secretary of War had long been engaged in a power struggle, and Root's reforms would directly implicate Miles's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938225–26_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938225–26-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Root proposed the establishment of a <a href="Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">General Staff</a> led by the office of <a href="Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a>. The Chief of Staff was to be a general officer of the Army answerable directly to the Secretary of War and the President. The Chief of Staff would carry out the Secretary's instructions and supervise discipline and maneuvers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reorganization was accomplished by an act of Congress passed on February 14, 1903. Root also changed the procedures for promotions and also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line. Working with Secretary of the Navy <a href="William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">William Henry Moody</a>, Root established closer coordination between the Army and Navy, including the establishment of a joint board under General Orders No. 107.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Root also sought to enhance military training. To that end, he enlarged the <a href="United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> and established the <a href="U.S._Army_War_College" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army War College">U.S. Army War College</a> and additional training posts, especially <a href="Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He likewise provided for additional <a href="National_Guard" title="National Guard">National Guard</a> officer training programs at Fort Leavenworth for those volunteer officers who had shown capacity during the Spanish–American War; per Root's instructions, the National Guard would also be equipped with the same arms as the regular army and examinations would be administered to qualify members for higher command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_administration">Territorial administration</h3></div>

<p>As a result of the <a href="Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, the United States held military control of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. As Secretary of War, Root was tasked with the administration of <a href="Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> on the islands and the eventual transition to civilian government. Under the terms of the <a href="Teller_Amendment" title="Teller Amendment">Teller Amendment</a>, the United States was additionally bound to return "control of [Cuba] to its people." Particularly <a href="Philippine-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine-American War">in the Philippines</a>, the United States also faced militant insurgency from natives who resisted their transfer from one foreign empire to another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938220–22_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938220–22-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>He worked out the procedures for turning Cuba over to the Cubans, ensured a charter of government for the Philippines, and eliminated tariffs on goods imported to the United States from Puerto Rico. When the <a href="American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-Imperialist League">Anti-Imperialist League</a> attacked American policies in the Philippines, Root defended the policies and counterattacked the critics, saying they prolonged the insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For this work, he relied on legal advisor <a href="Charles_Edward_Magoon" title="Charles Edward Magoon">Charles Edward Magoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938225–26_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938225–26-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magoon had been hired at the <a href="Bureau_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Bureau of Insular Affairs">Bureau of Insular Affairs</a> by Root's predecessor, <a href="Russell_Alger" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell Alger">Russell Alger</a>, and drafted an internal report taking the official position that residents of Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and other territories became subject to all the rights granted by the Constitution. After Root's appointment, Magoon controversially revised the department's legal position to require an Act of Congress, as had been passed in the cases of the <a href="Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> and <a href="Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, to regulate the rights of territorial subjects. This revised position was upheld by the Supreme Court in a series of landmark decisions collectively known as the <a href="Insular_Cases" title="Insular Cases">Insular Cases</a>.

</p><p>In Cuba, the American challenge was to arrange for the transition to civilian government while preserving order and guaranteeing protection against international predation. Root established the island's first republican form of government under the command of <a href="Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a>. This was accomplished by the Cuban constitution of 1901, and the American military government withdrew in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928197–98_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928197–98-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippine-American_War">Philippine-American War</h4></div>

<p>Root's primary administrative challenge as Secretary of War was the effort to establish control of the Philippine Islands. Though American government of the islands was internationally recognized under the <a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>, the native independence movement resisted imperial control. Relative to Cuba and Puerto Rico, the islands' distance and the relative underdevelopment of Spanish institutions made administration far more challenging.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928198–200_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928198–200-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Root's primary goal was the establishment of a civilian governor-general (as had been applied in Cuba) rather than a military governor; however, he felt that education of the native population was necessary before such a transition could be successful. In 1900, Root guided the establishment of the Philippine commission, led by <a href="William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, as a move toward autonomous civil government. The first step in his proposed process was the establishment of municipal governments and administrative divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928198–200_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928198–200-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission was to be guided by the principles of the <a href="Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928198–200_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928198–200-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alaskan_boundary_dispute">Alaskan boundary dispute</h3></div>

<p>In addition to his duties as Secretary of War, Root was one of three Americans appointed by President Roosevelt (with <a href="Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a> and <a href="George_Turner_(American_politician)" title="George Turner (American politician)">George Turner</a>) to an international arbitration court to resolve the boundary dispute between Alaska and Great Britain. The dispute arose as a result of the <a href="Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a> of 1900, which heightened interest in the region and tensions over the exact boundary between the regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928200–02_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928200–02-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On October 20, 1903, the dispute was resolved by British jurist <a href="Richard_Webster%2C_1st_Viscount_Alverstone" title="Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone">Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone</a> in favor of the United States on every point of contention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928200–02_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928200–02-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State_(1905–1909)">Secretary of State (1905–1909)</h2></div>

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<p>Root's retirement from public office was brief, but he remained active in public life, delivering speeches in defense of Roosevelt's <a href="History_of_the_Panama_Canal" title="History of the Panama Canal">policies in Panama</a> and in the <a href="Northern_Securities_Co._v._United_States" title="Northern Securities Co. v. United States">Northern Securities case</a>. After <a href="Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a> died in February 1904, shortly after Root's resignation, Root declined to succeed him as chair of the Republican National Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938419_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938419-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also repeatedly refused efforts to draft him as the Republican candidate for Governor in the 1904 election; instead, he focused on securing Roosevelt's nomination to a full term at the national convention, where he delivered the opening speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938420–23_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938420–23-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After the death of John Hay, President Roosevelt named Root as <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> and he returned to the cabinet on July 7, 1905. As secretary, Root placed the consular service under the <a href="United_States_civil_service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States civil service">civil service</a>. He maintained the <a href="Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a> in the Far East.

</p><p>On a tour of Latin America in 1906, Root persuaded those governments to participate in the <a href="Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907#Hague_Convention_of_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Peace Conference</a>. He worked with Japan to limit emigration to the United States and on dealings with China. He established the <a href="Root%E2%80%93Takahira_Agreement" title="Root–Takahira Agreement">Root–Takahira Agreement</a>. He worked with Great Britain in arbitration of issues between the United States and Canada on the <a href="Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a>, and competition in the North Atlantic fisheries. He was awarded the <a href="Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for his efforts for spreading the use of arbitration in resolving international disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_Senator_(1909–1915)">United States Senator (1909–1915)</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York%2C_1909" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in New York, 1909">January 1909</a>, Root was elected by the legislature as a <a href="U.S._Senator_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator from New York">U.S. Senator from New York</a>, serving from March 4, 1909, to March 3, 1915. He was a member of the <a href="United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a>. He chose not to seek re-election in <a href="New_York_state_election%2C_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state election, 1914">1914</a>.

</p><p>During and after his Senate service, Root served as president of the <a href="Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, from 1910 to 1925.

</p><p>In 1912, as a result of his work to bring nations together through arbitration and cooperation, Root received the <a href="Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Policy_Positions">Notable Policy Positions</h3></div>

<p>In a 1910 letter published by <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, Root supported the proposed <a href="Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> amendment, which was ratified as the <a href="Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>:

</p>

<p>It is said that a very large part of any income tax under the amendment would be paid by citizens of New York...

</p><p>The reason why the citizens of New York will pay so large a part of the tax in New York City is the chief financial and commercial center of a great country with vast resources and industrial activity. For many years Americans engaged in developing the wealth of all parts of the country have been going to New York to secure capital and market their securities and to buy their supplies. Thousands of men who have amassed fortunes in all sorts of enterprises in other states have gone to New York to live because they like the life of the city or because their distant enterprises require representation at the financial center. The incomes of New York are in a great measure derived from the country at large. A continual stream of wealth sets toward the great city from the mines and manufactories and railroads outside of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1912_and_Judicial_Authority">Election of 1912 and Judicial Authority</h3></div>

<p>During the <a href="1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 presidential election</a>, Root was placed in a difficult position regarding his two friends and political partners: <a href="William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> and <a href="Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>. Beginning in 1910, Roosevelt had begun challenging the absolute authority of <a href="Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">judicial review</a>, arguing that the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> was using its power to strike down necessary reform legislation, as best represented in decisions like <a href="Lochner_v._New_York" title="Lochner v. New York"><i>Lochner v. New York</i> (1905)</a>. Taft, a lawyer and former judge (and future Supreme Court <a href="Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a>), was appalled, believing Roosevelt would be a danger to the nation's constitutional order if re-elected. Root, himself a lawyer and constitutional conservative, agreed with some of Roosevelts criticisms on a personal level, but thought that attacking the court's authority in such an open way was extremely dangerous. He himself thought judicial review was "the most valuable contribution of America to political science." While he would not attack his former boss in public, he played a key role in the <a href="1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 Republican National Convention</a> as convention chairman. There, he formally counted the delegates that gave the nomination to Taft and offered a speech that aligned the <a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> with a defense of the Supreme Court's authority. Though Roosevelt would still run as the <a href="Progressive_Party_(United_States%2C_1912%E2%80%931920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912–1920)">Progressive "Bull Moose" Party</a> nominee, the split in the Republican Party ensured his defeat. Thereafter, Root and Taft would play an important role in identifying the Republican Party with <a href="Constitutional_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional conservatism">constitutional conservatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a></div>

<p>At the outbreak of <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914, Root opposed neutrality. Root promoted the <a href="Preparedness_Movement" title="Preparedness Movement">Preparedness Movement</a> to get the United States ready for actual participation in the war. He was a leading advocate of American entry into the war on the side of the British and French because he feared the <a href="Militarism_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Militarism of Germany">militarism of Germany</a> would be bad for the world and for the United States.

In 1915, Root served as president of the <a href="Constitution_of_New_York" title="Constitution of New York">State of New York Constitutional Convention</a>.

In June 1916, he scotched talk that he might contend for the <a href="1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">Republican presidential nomination</a>, stating that he was too old to bear the burden of the Presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a>, Root reached his peak strength of 103 votes on the first ballot. The Republican presidential nomination went to <a href="Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>, who lost <a href="1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">the election</a> to the Democrat <a href="Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Root_Commission">Root Commission</h3></div>

<p>In June 1917, at age 72, Root headed a mission to Russia sent by President Wilson to arrange American co-operation with the <a href="Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> headed by <a href="Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>. Root remained in <a href="Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a> for close to a month and was not much impressed by what he saw. American financial aid to the new regime was possible only if the Russians would fight on the Allied side. The Russians, he said, "are sincere, kindly, good people but confused and dazed". He conditioned financial support on continuation of the war effort -- undermining the moderates: "No fight, no loans."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provoked the Provisional Government to initiate failed <a href="Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">offensives against Austrian forces</a> in July 1917. The resulting steep decline in popularity of the Provisional Government opened the door for the <a href="Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> party and the <a href="October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Root was the founding chairman of the <a href="Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, established in 1918 in New York.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2></div>

<p>In the Senate fight in 1919 over American membership in the <a href="League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, Root supported <a href="Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a>'s proposal of membership with <a href="Lodge_Reservations" title="Lodge Reservations">certain reservations</a> that allowed the United States government to decide whether or not it would go to war. The United States never joined, but Root supported the League of Nations and served on the commission of jurists which created the <a href="Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a>. In 1922, when Root was 77, President <a href="Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> appointed him as a delegate to the <a href="Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a> as part of an American team headed by Secretary of State <a href="Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Root was a <a href="United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">presidential elector</a> for <a href="Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in the <a href="1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1924 United States presidential election in New York">1924 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Root also worked with <a href="Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> in programs for international peace and the advancement of science, becoming the first president of the <a href="Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Root was also among the founders of the <a href="American_Law_Institute" title="American Law Institute">American Law Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1923 and helped create <a href="The_Hague_Academy_of_International_Law" title="The Hague Academy of International Law">The Hague Academy of International Law</a> in the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Root served as vice president of the <a href="American_Peace_Society" title="American Peace Society">American Peace Society</a>, which publishes <i><a href="World_Affairs_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="World Affairs (journal)">World Affairs</a></i>, the oldest U.S. journal on international relations.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_women's_suffrage">Opposition to women's suffrage</h3></div>

<p>Root was a prominent opponent of <a href="Women's_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>. As chairman of the judiciary committee of a New York State constitutional convention in 1894, Root spoke against women's right to vote, and he worked to ensure that the right was not included in the state constitution. His argument then was used by anti-suffragists for many years thereafter: that the right to vote was not a natural right but simply "a means of government." He asserted that women were so different from men that they should not be granted the right to vote.

</p>

<dl><dd>"Woman rules today by the sweet and noble influences of her character. Put woman into the arena of conflict and she abandons these great weapons which control the world, and she takes into her hands, feeble and nerveless for strife, weapons with which she is unfamiliar and which she is unable to wield. Woman in strife becomes hard, harsh, unlovable, repulsive; as far removed from that gentle creature to whom we all owe allegiance and to whom we confess submission, as the heaven is removed from the earth."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<p>He would remain an active opponent of <a href="Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> for the rest of his career.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall1997_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall1997-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3></div>

<p>In 1870, Root accompanied his brother Wally, with whom he had lived in his early days in New York, on a European voyage. Wally suffered from <a href="Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> (then known as incurable "consumption") and believed that the trip would cure his disease. The brothers were together in <a href="Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> at the outbreak of the <a href="Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>; they followed its progress throughout the summer as Wally's condition worsened. Towards the end of the trip, Elihu had to carry his brother in his arms. They returned to Clinton, where Wally died on November 15, 1870. Elihu paid off his debts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193875–77_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193875–77-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1878, Root married Clara Frances Wales, the daughter of prominent New York Republican <a href="Salem_Howe_Wales" title="Salem Howe Wales">Salem Howe Wales</a>. They had three children:

</p>

<ul><li>Edith Root (b. December 1, 1878,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938159_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938159-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> m. <a href="Ulysses_S._Grant_III" title="Ulysses S. Grant III">Ulysses S. Grant III</a>)</li>

<li>Elihu Root Jr. (b. May 7, 1881,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938159_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938159-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> m. Alida Stryker)</li>

<li>Edward Wales Root (b. July 23, 1884<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938159_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938159-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul>

<p>Elihu Root Jr. graduated from Hamilton College and became an attorney, like his father. He married Alida Stryker, the daughter of Hamilton College president <a href="M._Woolsey_Stryker" title="M. Woolsey Stryker">M. Woolsey Stryker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div>

<p>Root was a devout <a href="Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>, consistent with his upbringing. Upon first moving to New York City, he enrolled as a member of the <a href="Young_Men's_Christian_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Men's Christian Association">Young Men's Christian Association</a>, served as its vice president, contributed essays on Christian manhood to its literary society, and taught Sunday school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193858–59_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193858–59-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friendships_and_professional_associations">Friendships and professional associations</h3></div>

<p>Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals <a href="Willard_Bartlett" title="Willard Bartlett">Willard Bartlett</a> was Root's lifelong friend from their time as young lawyers in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193872_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193872-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Root shared a love of western big game hunting with President Roosevelt.

</p><p>Root was a member of the <a href="Union_League_Club_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Union League Club of New York">Union League Club of New York</a> and twice served as its president, 1898–99, and again from 1915 to 1916. He also served as president of the <a href="New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="New York City Bar Association">New York City Bar Association</a> from 1904 to 1905. He became the president of the <a href="National_Security_League" title="National Security League">National Security League</a> in 1917, succeeding his mentor <a href="Joseph_Hodges_Choate" title="Joseph Hodges Choate">Joseph Hodges Choate</a>. Root spoke in favor of war and in opposition to women's suffrage as head of the league.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall1997_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall1997-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2></div>

<p>Root died in 1937 in New York City, with his family by his side. A simple service was held in Clinton, led by Episcopal bishop E.H. Coley of the <a href="Episcopal_Diocese_of_Central_New_York" title="Episcopal Diocese of Central New York">Episcopal Diocese of Central New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Root is buried, along with his wife Clara (d. 1928), at the Hamilton College Cemetery.

</p><p>Root was the last surviving member of the McKinley Cabinet and the last Cabinet member to have served in the 19th century.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3></div>

<p>Professor <a href="Alfred_W._McCoy" title="Alfred W. McCoy">Alfred McCoy</a> argues that Root was the first "foreign policy grandmaster" in American history and that Root more than any other figure is responsible for transforming America into a world power. According to McCoy, Root devoted his time as Secretary of State and as a Senator to ensuring that the United States would have a consistent presence in world affairs, and Root helped to establish the <a href="Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a> between the United States and Great Britain. Root helped to ensure that powerful business interests and the intellectual elite supported an <a href="Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist foreign policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mccoy_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccoy-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In addition to receiving the Nobel Prize, Root was awarded the Grand Cross of the <a href="Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)" title="Order of the Crown (Belgium)">Order of the Crown</a> (from Belgium) and the Grand Commander of the <a href="Order_of_George_I" title="Order of George I">Order of George I</a> (from Greece). Root joined the Empire State Society of the <a href="Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a> in 1895, based on his descent from Lieutenant Elihu Root (1772–1843) who was an officer in the <a href="Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> from Massachusetts, and was the second cousin twice removed of the publisher <a href="Henry_Luce" title="Henry Luce">Henry Luce</a>. In 1912, Root was elected as an honorary member of the New York <a href="Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3></div>

<p>During World War II the <a href="Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> <a href="SS_Elihu_Root" title="SS Elihu Root">SS <i>Elihu Root</i></a> was built in <a href="Panama_City%2C_Florida" title="Panama City, Florida">Panama City, Florida</a>, and named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Root's home in Clinton, which he purchased in 1893, became known as the <a href="Elihu_Root_House" title="Elihu Root House">Elihu Root House</a>, and was declared a <a href="National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1972. The United States Army Reserve Base in <a href="New_York_Mills%2C_New_York" title="New York Mills, New York">New York Mills, New York</a>, bears his name.

</p><p>The Elihu Root Gold Medal is awarded to the six highest scoring civilian competitors in the National Trophy Rifle Team Match and are subsequently named as team members. The captain and coach of the highest-scoring civilian team are named as the coach and captain of the team. All eight members receive Elihu Root gold medals.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_by_Elihu_Root">Works by Elihu Root</h2></div>

<p><b>Articles</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-20028194">“A Requisite for the Success of Popular Diplomacy”</a>. <i><a href="Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, vol. 1, no. 1, September 15, 1922. (pp. 3–10)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/information_elihu_root#.XpSgYYhKiLk">"Statesman and Useful Citizen" <i>Vanity Fair</i>, 1915</a></li>

<li>"The Government and the Coming Hague Conference." <i>The Advocate of Peace (1894–1920)</i> 69, no. 5 (1907): 112–16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25752898">http://www.jstor.org/stable/25752898</a>.</li>

<li>"The Need of Popular Understanding of International Law." <i>The American Journal of International Law</i> 1, no. 1 (1907): 1–3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2186279">https://doi.org/10.2307/2186279</a>.</li>

<li>"The Sanction of International Law." <i>The American Journal of International Law</i> 2, no. 3 (1908): 451–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2186324">https://doi.org/10.2307/2186324</a>.</li>

<li>"The Basis of Protection to Citizens Residing Abroad." <i>Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting (1907-1917)</i> 4 (1910): 16–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25656384">http://www.jstor.org/stable/25656384</a>.</li>

<li>"The Real Monroe Doctrine." <i>The American Journal of International Law</i> 8, no. 3 (1914): 427–42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2187489">https://doi.org/10.2307/2187489</a>.</li>

<li>"The Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Nations Adopted by the American Institute of International Law." <i>The American Journal of International Law</i> 10, no. 2 (1916): 211–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2187520">https://doi.org/10.2307/2187520</a>.</li>

<li>"The Invisible Government." <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i> 64 (1916): viii–xi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1013701">http://www.jstor.org/stable/1013701</a>.</li>

<li>"The Outlook for International Law." <i>The American Journal of International Law</i> 10, no. 1 (1916): 1–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2187357">https://doi.org/10.2307/2187357</a>.</li>

<li>"Theodore Roosevelt." <i>The North American Review</i> 210, no. 769 (1919): 754–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25120404">http://www.jstor.org/stable/25120404</a>.</li>

<li>"PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE." <i>American Bar Association Journal</i> 6, no. 7 (1920): 181–85. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25700734">http://www.jstor.org/stable/25700734</a>.</li>

<li>"The Constitution of an International Court of Justice." <i>The American Journal of International Law</i> 15, no. 1 (1921): 1–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2187931">https://doi.org/10.2307/2187931</a>.</li>

<li>"The Codification of International Law." <i>The American Journal of International Law</i> 19, no. 4 (1925): 675–84. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2188306">https://doi.org/10.2307/2188306</a>.</li>

<li>Root, Elihu, and J. Ramsay MacDonald. "The Risks of Peace." <i>Foreign Affairs</i> 8, no. 1 (1929): i–xiii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/20028758">https://doi.org/10.2307/20028758</a>.</li></ul>

<p><b>Books</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/cu31924030479285/cu31924030479285.pdf"><i>The Citizen's Part in Government</i></a>. <a href="Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1911.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/experimentsingo02rootgoog/experimentsingo02rootgoog.pdf"><i>Experiments in Government and the Essentials of the Constitution</i></a>. <a href="Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1913.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/addressesoninte00rootgoog/addressesoninte00rootgoog.pdf"><i>Addresses on International Subjects</i></a>. <a href="Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1916.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/cu31924030740462/cu31924030740462.pdf"><i>The Military and Colonial Policy of the United States: Addresses and Reports by Elihu Root</i></a>. <a href="Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1916.</li>

<li><i>Miscellaneous Addresses</i>. <a href="Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1917.</li>

<li><i>Men and Policies: Addresses by Elihu Root</i>. <a href="Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1925.</li></ul>

<p><b>Published addresses</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/theodorerooseveltbyelihurootnorthamericanreviewnovember1919/Theodore%20Roosevelt%2C%20by%20Elihu%20Root%20%28North%20American%20Review%2C%20November%201919%29.pdf">“Theodore Roosevelt”</a>. <i><a href="The_North_American_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The North American Review">The North American Review</a></i>, November 1919. (p. 754) — A speech delivered for the <a href="Rocky_Mountain_Club" title="Rocky Mountain Club">Rocky Mountain Club</a> on October 27, 1919.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/shortballotinvis00root/shortballotinvis00root.pdf"><i>The Short Ballot and the “Invisible Government”: An Address by Elihu Root</i></a>. New York: The National Short Ballot Organization, 1919. — This address was delivered at the New York Constitutional Convention on August 30, 1915, in support of a resolution to reduce the number of elective state officers and combine the 152 state departments into 17. The measure was popularly known as the “Short Ballot”.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_people_on_the_cover_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people on the cover of Time magazine (1920s)">List of people on the cover of Time magazine (1920s)</a>: October 18, 1926</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAkiboh" class="citation web cs1">Akiboh, Alvita. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ushistoryscene.com/article/elihu-root/">"'No anecdotes are told of Elihu Root': America's Twentieth Century Wise Man"</a>. <i>U.S. History Scene</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Muccigrosso, ed., <i>Research Guide to American Historical Biography</i> (1988) 3:1329–33</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCross2012" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Graham (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dbIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71"><i>The Diplomatic Education of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882–1933</i></a>. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 71. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-137-01453-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muccigrosso, ed., <i>Research Guide to American Historical Biography</i> (1988) 3:1330</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/03/07/97081141.pdf">"Tells How Allies Failed in Russia: Col. Robins Says Boastful American Propaganda Led Russian Army to Quit; Root Mission Knifed Here"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 7, 1919. p. 18.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time</i>, Volume 11 page 15</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbk.rutgers.edu/history.shtml">History of the Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709093431/http://pbk.rutgers.edu/history.shtml">Archived</a> July 9, 2009, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rutgers.edu, accessed October 9, 2009,</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193854-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193854_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, p. 54.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193861–62-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193861–62_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, p. 61–62.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193866–69-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193866–69_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193866–69_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, pp. 66–69.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938162-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938162_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938162_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938162_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, p. 162.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-PWSP-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PWSP_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117070549/https://www.pillsburylaw.com/images/content/1/1/v2/113665/FACTSHEET-Pillsbury-At-A-Glance.pdf">"Pillsbury. At-a-Glance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pillsburylaw.com/images/content/1/1/v2/113665/FACTSHEET-Pillsbury-At-A-Glance.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._VI-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._VI_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, ch. VI.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–18-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–18_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–18_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–18_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, p. 115–18.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938140–43_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, pp. 140–43.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nyt-trenholm-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-trenholm_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DE5D8123CE433A25753C2A9679C94699ED7CF&legacy=true">"A Place for Colonel Trenholm; Head of North American Trust Company -- W.S. Johnston Succeeds Him in American Surety"</a>. <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. New York City, United States. January 20, 1898<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938ch._V_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, ch. V.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193870–71-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193870–71_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, pp. 70–71.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938116–18-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938116–18_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, p. 116–18.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pxMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA106">"Chester A. Arthur, Theta '48, Second to take Oath in New York as President"</a>. <i>The Diamond of Psi Upsilon</i>. Chicago, IL: Psi Upsilon Fraternity. January 1, 1930. p. 106.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938134-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938134_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, p. 134.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–118,_136–139-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938115–118,_136–139_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, pp. 115–118, 136–139.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHartford1900" class="citation magazine cs1">Hartford, William J. (January 1, 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmZMAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA26">"Hon Elihu Root, Secretary of War"</a>. <i>The Successful American</i>. New York, NY: Press Biographical Company. p. 26.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938136–40-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938136–40_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938136–40_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938136–40_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, pp. 136–40.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938116-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938116_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, p. 116.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938230–33-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938230–33_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, pp. 230–33.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938234-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938234_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, p. 234.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928202–06_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1928">Scott 1928</a>, pp. 202–06.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938220–22-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938220–22_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938220–22_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, pp. 220–22.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938225–26-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938225–26_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938225–26_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938225–26_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, pp. 225–26.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._Arnold2011" class="citation book cs1">James R. Arnold (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgWnN4hyjoQC&pg=PA171"><i>The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 1902–1913</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">171–</span>72. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781608193653</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928197–98-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928197–98_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1928">Scott 1928</a>, p. 197–98.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928198–200-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928198–200_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928198–200_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928198–200_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1928">Scott 1928</a>, pp. 198–200.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1928200–02-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928200–02_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1928200–02_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1928">Scott 1928</a>, pp. 200–02.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938419-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938419_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, p. 419.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938420–23-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938420–23_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, pp. 420–23.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elihu Root, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1912/root/lecture/">Towards Making Peace Permanent</a>, NobelPrize.org.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1910/03/01/archives/root-for-adoption-of-tax-amendment-no-danger-to-state-bonds-in.html">"ROOT FOR ADOPTION OF TAX AMENDMENT; No Danger to State Bonds in Income Provision, He Argues, Answering Hughes. LETTER READ IN ALBANY State and Municipal Issues, He Says, Are Protected by the General Principles of the Federal Constitution"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 1, 1910.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIstre2021" class="citation journal cs1">Istre, Logan S. (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781420000079">"Bench over Ballot: The Fight for Judicial Supremacy and the New Constitutional Politics, 1910–1916"</a></span>. <i>The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>23. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1537781420000079">10.1017/s1537781420000079</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-7814">1537-7814</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225450487">225450487</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Stefan_Lorant" title="Stefan Lorant">Stefan Lorant</a>, <i>The Glorious Burden</i> (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), page 540.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Mayers1997" class="citation book cs1">David Mayers (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjyhTRwvyIMC&pg=PA77"><i>The Ambassadors and America's Soviet Policy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 77. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780195115765</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBuultjens1984" class="citation news cs1">Buultjens, Ralph (November 7, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/07/opinion/us-aid-to-the-bolsheviks.html">"Opinion | U.S. 'AID' TO THE BOLSHEVIKS"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1354.html">u-s-history.com Washington Naval Conference</a> – Retrieved December 18, 2011</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110023517/https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84024315/1925-01-10/ed-1/seq-10/">"State Electors Will Be Given Oath Monday"</a>. <i>The Republican-Journal</i>. Ogdensburg, N.Y. January 10, 1925. p. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84024315/1925-01-10/ed-1/seq-10/">the original</a> on January 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2022</span> – via NYS Historic Newspapers.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/469249791/">"Carnegie gives peace fund of $10,000,000"</a>. <i><a href="New_York_Daily_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Daily Tribune">New York Daily Tribune</a></i>. December 15, 1910. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite> – via newspapers.com <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute" class="citation web cs1">Institute, The American Law. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ali.org/about-ali/governance/">"Governance - The American Law Institute"</a>. <i>American Law Institute</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86069164/1915-09-15/ed-1/seq-5/">"Hon. Elihu Root on Woman's Sphere"</a>. <i>The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.)</i>. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. September 15, 1915<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Marshall1997-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall1997_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall1997_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1997" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Susan E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3itDekmfAIC&pg=PA66"><i>Splintered Sisterhood</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 66, 79. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780299154639</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193875–77-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193875–77_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, pp. 75–77.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1938159-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938159_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938159_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1938159_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, p. 159.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exhibition by Elihu Root, Jr. at Hamilton College (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hamilton.edu/gallery/exhibitions/history-of-exhibitions/elihu-root-jr-class-of-1903-lawyer-painter">https://www.hamilton.edu/gallery/exhibitions/history-of-exhibitions/elihu-root-jr-class-of-1903-lawyer-painter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622072958/https://www.hamilton.edu/gallery/exhibitions/history-of-exhibitions/elihu-root-jr-class-of-1903-lawyer-painter">Archived</a> June 22, 2011, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193858–59-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193858–59_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, pp. 58–59.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup193872-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup193872_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup1938">Jessup 1938</a>, p. 72.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Elihu+Root&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/elihu-root">"Elihu Root"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. February 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19370210.2.33&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------">"Clinton Pays Tribute At Elihu Root Funeral; Simple Service Held"</a>. <i>The Cornell Daily Sun</i>. February 10, 1937 – via Cornell University Library.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-mccoy-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mccoy_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2015" class="citation magazine cs1">McCoy, Alfred (September 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918102802/https://www.thenation.com/article/barack-obama-is-a-foreign-policy-grandmaster/">"Barack Obama Is a Foreign Policy Grandmaster"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/barack-obama-is-a-foreign-policy-grandmaster/">the original</a> on September 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Greg H. (July 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A5oWBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O'Brien</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1476617541</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHewes1975" class="citation book cs1">Hewes, James E. Jr. (1975). <i>From Root to McNamara: Army Organization and Administration, 1900–1963</i>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJessup1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Philip_Jessup" title="Philip Jessup">Jessup, Phillip C.</a> (1938). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elihuroot0001unse"><i>Elihu Root</i></a></span>. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLeopold1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Richard_W._Leopold" title="Richard W. Leopold">Leopold, Richard W.</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elihurootconserv0000leop"><i>Elihu Root and the Conservative Tradition</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOller2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Oller" title="John Oller">Oller, John</a> (2019). <i>White Shoe: How a New Breed of Wall Street Lawyers Changed Big Business and the American Century</i>. New York: Dutton. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781524743253</bdi>. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018029077">2018029077</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSkowronek1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Stephen_Skowronek" title="Stephen Skowronek">Skowronek, Stephen</a> (1982). <i>Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">212–</span>47.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Warren_Zimmermann" title="Warren Zimmermann">Zimmermann, Warren</a> (2004). <i>First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power</i>. Macmillan. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0374528934</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><i>The National Cyclopædia of American Biography</i>. (1939) Vol. XXVI. New York: James T. White & Co. pp. 1–5.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div>

<ul><li>Cantor,Louis. "Elihu Root and the National Guard: Friend or Foe?" <i>Military Affairs</i> 33#3 (1969), pp. 361–373 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1985115">online</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDubin1966" class="citation journal cs1">Dubin, Martin David (1966). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/444707">"Elihu Root and the Advocacy of a League of Nations, 1914-1917"</a></span>. <i>The Western Political Quarterly</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">439–</span>55. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F444707">10.2307/444707</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/444707">444707</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2007" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes, James R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20672775">"Theodore Roosevelt and Elihu Root: International Lawmen"</a>. <i>World Affairs</i>. <b>169</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>98. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3200%2FWAFS.169.4.189-200">10.3200/WAFS.169.4.189-200</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20672775">20672775</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFIstre2021" class="citation journal cs1">Istre, Logan S. (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-gilded-age-and-progressive-era/article/abs/bench-over-ballot-the-fight-for-judicial-supremacy-and-the-new-constitutional-politics-19101916/F1FA1BB38A34244B8F1E1DBD595F1F08">"Bench over Ballot: The Fight for Judicial Supremacy and the New Constitutional Politics, 1910–1916"</a></span>. <i>The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>23. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537781420000079">10.1017/S1537781420000079</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225450487">225450487</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1905" class="citation journal cs1">Needham, Henry Beach (November 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bn8chfRnjScC&pg=PA6835">"Mr. Root and the State Department"</a>. <i><a href="World's_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a></i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">6835–</span>40.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRice1951" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, Hattie M. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44212475">"Elihu Root on the Negro"</a>. <i>Negro History Bulletin</i>. <b>14</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">198–</span>99. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44212475">44212475</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFScott1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="James_Brown_Scott" title="James Brown Scott">Scott, James Brown</a> (1928). "Elihu Root". In <a href="Samuel_Flagg_Bemis" title="Samuel Flagg Bemis">Bemis, Samuel Flagg</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansecretar0009unse/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy</i></a>. Vol. IX. New York: A. A. Knopf.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFScott1924" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="James_Brown_Scott" title="James Brown Scott">Scott, James Brown</a> (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25656665">"Elihu Root's Services to International Law"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting</i>. <b>18</b>: <span class="nowrap">2–</span>42. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0272503700033267">10.1017/S0272503700033267</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25656665">25656665</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSemsch1963" class="citation magazine cs1">Semsch, Philip L. (1963). "Elihu Root and the General Staff". <i>Military Affairs</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>27.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSzajkowski1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Zosa_Szajkowski" title="Zosa Szajkowski">Szajkowski, Zosa</a> (1969). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3622524">"Jews and the Elihu Root Mission to Russia. 1917"</a></span>. <i>Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research</i>. <b>37</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>116. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3622524">10.2307/3622524</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3622524">3622524</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTen_Eyck1921" class="citation magazine cs1">Ten Eyck, Andrew (October 19, 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVroBrOJL64C&pg=PA429">"Elihu Root: A Study Of The Man And His Ways"</a>. <i><a href="The_Outlook_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Outlook (New York)">The Outlook</a></i>. Vol. 129. pp. <span class="nowrap">429–</span>30.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWhite1998" class="citation journal cs1">White, Richard D. (1998). "Civilian Management of the Military: Elihu Root and the 1903 Reorganization of the Army General Staff". <i>Journal of Management History</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F13552529810369614">10.1108/13552529810369614</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Root" class="extiw external" title="commons:Elihu Root"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Elihu Root</span></a>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">English <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:

<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Elihu_Root" class="extiw external" title="s:en:Author:Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></b></div></div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Root,_Elihu" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Root, Elihu">Elihu Root</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressR000430" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000430">"Elihu Root (id: R000430)"</a>. <i><a href="Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/480">Elihu Root</a> on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture <i>Towards Making Peace Permanent</i></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h891.html">Elihu Root</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel-winners.com/Peace/elihu_root.html">About Elihu Root</a> on www.nobel-winners.com</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/root-elihu">State Department Biography</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3555">Works by Elihu Root</a> at <a href="Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Root%2C%20Elihu%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Elihu%20Root%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Root%2C%20Elihu%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Elihu%20Root%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Root%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Elihu%20Root%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Root%2C%20Elihu%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Elihu%20Root%22%29%20OR%20%28%221845-1937%22%20AND%20Root%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Elihu Root</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/misc/root_cathedral1922.html">Cathedral Building: An Index of National Character, by Elihu Root</a> 1922</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/">CFR Website - Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120821033942/http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/">Archived</a> August 21, 2012, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History of the council by Peter Grose, a council member.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm6.hamilton.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/arc-fia/id/44,">Elihu Root Papers, 1845-1937 (Papers, 1904-1937)</a> from Hamilton College Library, Clinton, New York.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/014946">Newspaper clippings about Elihu Root</a> in the <a href="20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a> </li></ul>

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</style><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_war_and_the_army279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States secretaries of war</a> and the <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">Department<br>of War</a><br>(1789–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">B. Lincoln</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li>

<li><a href="James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">McHenry</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li>

<li><a href="William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">W. Crawford</a></li>

<li><a href="John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">P. Porter</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Poinsett</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">Spencer</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">J. Porter</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li>

<li><a href="William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li>

<li><a href="George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">G. Crawford</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Magill_Conrad" title="Charles Magill Conrad">Conrad</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">J. Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">Floyd</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li>

<li><a href="Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Aaron_Rawlins" title="John Aaron Rawlins">Rawlins</a></li>

<li><a href="William_W._Belknap" title="William W. Belknap">Belknap</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Cameron</a></li>

<li><a href="George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">R. Lincoln</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Crowninshield_Endicott" title="William Crowninshield Endicott">Endicott</a></li>

<li><a href="Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_B._Elkins" title="Stephen B. Elkins">Elkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_S._Lamont" title="Daniel S. Lamont">Lamont</a></li>

<li><a href="Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li>

<li><a href="Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Wright</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_M._Dickinson" title="Jacob M. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li>

<li><a href="Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Garrison</a></li>

<li><a href="Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Baker</a></li>

<li><a href="John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Assistant Secretary of War">Assistant<br>secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_A._Scott" title="Thomas A. Scott">Scott</a></li>

<li>Watson</li>

<li>Tucker</li>

<li><a href="Christopher_Wolcott" title="Christopher Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Eckert" title="Thomas Eckert">Eckert</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_A._Grant" title="Lewis A. Grant">Grant</a></li>

<li><a href="George_de_Rue_Meiklejohn" title="George de Rue Meiklejohn">Meiklejohn</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Cary_Sanger" title="William Cary Sanger">Sanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Shaw_Oliver" title="Robert Shaw Oliver">Oliver</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Skillman_Breckinridge" title="Henry Skillman Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Moulton_Ingraham" title="William Moulton Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li>

<li><a href="Benedict_Crowell" title="Benedict Crowell">Crowell</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Reid_Williams" title="William Reid Williams">Williams</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Mayhew_Wainwright" title="J. Mayhew Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanford_MacNider" title="Hanford MacNider">MacNider</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Burton_Robbins" title="Charles Burton Robbins">Robbins</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Huff_Payne" title="Frederick Huff Payne">Payne</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">L. Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">McCloy</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_C._Petersen" title="Howard C. Petersen">Petersen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Under_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Under Secretary of War">Under secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army"></a></span><br><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army"></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department<br>of the Army</a><br>(1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_T._Stevens" title="Robert T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilber_M._Brucker" title="Wilber M. Brucker">Brucker</a></li>

<li><a href="Elvis_Jacob_Stahr_Jr." title="Elvis Jacob Stahr Jr.">Stahr</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Frederick_Froehlke" title="Robert Frederick Froehlke">Froehlke</a></li>

<li><a href="Bo_Callaway" title="Bo Callaway">Callaway</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Richard_Hoffmann" title="Martin Richard Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Clifford_Alexander_Jr." title="Clifford Alexander Jr.">C. Alexander</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Otho_Marsh_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Otho Marsh Jr.">Marsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Caldera" title="Louis Caldera">Caldera</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_E._White" title="Thomas E. White">White</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_J._Harvey" title="Francis J. Harvey">Harvey</a></li>

<li><a href="Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li>

<li><a href="John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">McHugh</a></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Fanning" title="Eric Fanning">Fanning</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li>

<li><a href="Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christine_Wormuth" title="Christine Wormuth">Wormuth</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_P._Driscoll" title="Daniel P. Driscoll">Driscoll</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army">Under secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracy_Voorhees" title="Tracy Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li>

<li><a href="Archibald_S._Alexander" title="Archibald S. Alexander">A. Alexander</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Bendetsen" title="Karl Bendetsen">Bendetsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Earl_D._Johnson" title="Earl D. Johnson">E. Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Slezak" title="John Slezak">Slezak</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_C._Finucane" title="Charles C. Finucane">Finucane</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_M._Milton_II" title="Hugh M. Milton II">Milton</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Ignatius" title="Paul Ignatius">Ignatius</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li>

<li><a href="David_E._McGiffert" title="David E. McGiffert">McGiffert</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_E._BeLieu" title="Kenneth E. BeLieu">BeLieu</a></li>

<li><a href="Herman_R._Staudt" title="Herman R. Staudt">Staudt</a></li>

<li><a href="Norman_R._Augustine" title="Norman R. Augustine">Augustine</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_B._LaBerge" title="Walter B. LaBerge">LaBerge</a></li>

<li><a href="James_R._Ambrose" title="James R. Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li>

<li><a href="John_W._Shannon" title="John W. Shannon">Shannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Joe_R._Reeder" title="Joe R. Reeder">Reeder</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_M._Walker" title="Robert M. Walker">Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_D._Rostker" title="Bernard D. Rostker">Rostker</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_R._Dahlberg" title="Gregory R. Dahlberg">Dahlberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Brownlee" title="Les Brownlee">Brownlee</a></li>

<li><a href="Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_W._Westphal" title="Joseph W. Westphal">Westphal</a></li>

<li><a href="Brad_Carson" title="Brad Carson">Carson</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Murphy_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Patrick Murphy (Pennsylvania politician)">Murphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li>

<li><a href="James_E._McPherson" title="James E. McPherson">McPherson</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabe_Camarillo" title="Gabe Camarillo">Camarillo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state341" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state341" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Foreign affairs</a><br>1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a><br>1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Robert Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li>

<li><a href="Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li>

<li><a href="John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li>

<li><a href="John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li>

<li><a href="William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li>

<li><a href="Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li>

<li><a href="William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li>

<li><a href="James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li>

<li><a href="James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li>

<li><a href="John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li>

<li><a href="James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li>

<li><a href="George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li>

<li><a href="Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li>

<li><a href="William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li>

<li><a href="Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Condoleezza_Rice_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hillary_Clinton_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_Marco_Rubio_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Marco Rubio as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a> • <a href="Air_Force_Three" title="Air Force Three">Air Force Three</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_New_York99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="United_States_senators_from_New_York99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">United States senators from New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Sloss_Hobart" title="John Sloss Hobart">Hobart</a></li>

<li><a href="William_North" title="William North">North</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Watson_(New_York_politician)" title="James Watson (New York politician)">Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Morris</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodorus_Bailey_(politician)" title="Theodorus Bailey (politician)">Bailey</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_L._Mitchill" title="Samuel L. Mitchill">Mitchill</a></li>

<li><a href="Obadiah_German" title="Obadiah German">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_E._Dudley" title="Charles E. Dudley">Dudley</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathaniel_P._Tallmadge" title="Nathaniel P. Tallmadge">Tallmadge</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li>

<li><a href="Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li>

<li><a href="Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Fenton</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Kernan" title="Francis Kernan">Kernan</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Platt</a></li>

<li><a href="Warner_Miller" title="Warner Miller">Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Hiscock" title="Frank Hiscock">Hiscock</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Murphy_Jr." title="Edward Murphy Jr.">Murphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Chauncey_Depew" title="Chauncey Depew">Depew</a></li>

<li><a href="James_A._O'Gorman" title="James A. O'Gorman">O'Gorman</a></li>

<li><a href="William_M._Calder" title="William M. Calder">Calder</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">Copeland</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Keating" title="Kenneth Keating">Keating</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Goodell" title="Charles Goodell">Goodell</a></li>

<li><a href="James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">Buckley</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a></li>

<li><a href="Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Gillibrand</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="John_Laurance" title="John Laurance">Laurance</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li>

<li><a href="DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Smith_(New_York_politician%2C_born_1752)" title="John Smith (New York politician, born 1752)">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li>

<li><a href="William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li>

<li><a href="Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_A._Foster" title="Henry A. Foster">Foster</a></li>

<li><a href="William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li>

<li><a href="Ira_Harris" title="Ira Harris">Harris</a></li>

<li><a href="Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Conkling</a></li>

<li><a href="Elbridge_G._Lapham" title="Elbridge G. Lapham">Lapham</a></li>

<li><a href="William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Platt</a></li>

<li><a href="James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">Wadsworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">Javits</a></li>

<li><a href="Al_D'Amato" title="Al D'Amato">D'Amato</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="Paul_Henri_Balluet_d'Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <i><a href="L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award)</i> / <a href="Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></span></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1912_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1912_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1912 <a href="Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> (France)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a> (France)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="1912_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1912 Nobel Prize in Literature">1912</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a> (Germany)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> (United States)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Gustaf Dalén</a> (Sweden)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a> (France)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_William_McKinley_(1897–1901)601" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet_of_President_William_McKinley_(1897–1901)601" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> (1897–1898)</li>

<li><a href="William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">William R. Day</a> (1898)</li>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Lyman J. Gage</a> (1897–1901)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Russell A. Alger</a> (1897–1899)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">Joseph McKenna</a> (1897–1898)</li>

<li><a href="John_W._Griggs" title="John W. Griggs">John W. Griggs</a> (1898–1901)</li>

<li><a href="Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> (1901)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_Albert_Gary" title="James Albert Gary">James Albert Gary</a> (1897–1898)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Emory_Smith" title="Charles Emory Smith">Charles Emory Smith</a> (1898–1901)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">John Davis Long</a> (1897–1901)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cornelius_Newton_Bliss" title="Cornelius Newton Bliss">Cornelius Newton Bliss</a> (1897–1899)</li>

<li><a href="Ethan_A._Hitchcock_(Interior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)">Ethan A. Hitchcock</a> (1899–1901)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_Wilson_(Secretary_of_Agriculture)" title="James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)">James Wilson</a> (1897–1901)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Theodore_Roosevelt_(1901–1909)685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Theodore_Roosevelt_(1901–1909)685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Robert Bacon</a> (1909)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Lyman J. Gage</a> (1901–1902)</li>

<li><a href="George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">George B. Cortelyou</a> (1907–1909)</li></ul>

<li><a href="William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (1904–1908)</li>

<li><a href="Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Luke Edward Wright</a> (1908–1909)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> (1901–1904)</li>

<li><a href="William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">William Henry Moody</a> (1904–1906)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Charles Joseph Bonaparte</a> (1906–1909)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Charles_Emory_Smith" title="Charles Emory Smith">Charles Emory Smith</a> (1901–1902)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Henry Clay Payne</a> (1902–1904)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Wynne" title="Robert Wynne">Robert Wynne</a> (1904–1905)</li>

<li><a href="George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">George B. Cortelyou</a> (1905–1907)</li>

<li><a href="George_von_Lengerke_Meyer" title="George von Lengerke Meyer">George von Lengerke Meyer</a> (1907–1909)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">John Davis Long</a> (1901–1902)</li>

<li><a href="William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">William Henry Moody</a> (1902–1904)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Morton_(politician)" title="Paul Morton (politician)">Paul Morton</a> (1904–1905)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Charles Joseph Bonaparte</a> (1905–1906)</li>

<li><a href="Victor_H._Metcalf" title="Victor H. Metcalf">Victor H. Metcalf</a> (1906–1908)</li>

<li><a href="Truman_H._Newberry" title="Truman H. Newberry">Truman H. Newberry</a> (1908–1909)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Ethan_A._Hitchcock_(Interior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)">Ethan A. Hitchcock</a> (1901–1907)</li>

<li><a href="James_Rudolph_Garfield" title="James Rudolph Garfield">James Rudolph Garfield</a> (1907–1909)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="James_Wilson_(Secretary_of_Agriculture)" title="James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)">James Wilson</a> (1901–1909)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">Secretary of Commerce and Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">George B. Cortelyou</a> (1903–1904)</li>

<li><a href="Victor_H._Metcalf" title="Victor H. Metcalf">Victor H. Metcalf</a> (1904–1906)</li>

<li><a href="Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Oscar Straus</a> (1906–1909)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1912)_1916_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1920)537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="(←_1912)_1916_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1920)537" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">← 1912</a>) <a href="1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">→ 1920</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br>(<a href="1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Incumbentnominees22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incumbent<br>nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b>President: <a href="Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></b></li>

<li><b>Vice President: <a href="Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br>(<a href="1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b>President: <a href="Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a></b></li>

<li><b>Vice President: <a href="Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidiates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">John W. Weeks</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Albert B. Cummins</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_E._Burton" title="Theodore E. Burton">Theodore E. Burton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Allan L. Benson</a></b></li>

<li><b>VP nominee: <a href="George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">George Ross Kirkpatrick</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="Frank_Hanly" title="Frank Hanly">Frank Hanly</a></b></li>

<li><b>VP nominee: <a href="Ira_Landrith" title="Ira Landrith">Ira Landrith</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b>Other 1916 elections</b>: <a href="1916_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1916 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li>

<li><a href="1916_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1916 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_61st–63rd_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)246" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_York&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_61st–63rd_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">New York</a>'s delegation(s) to the 61st–63rd United States Congresses <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0">

</td>

<td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Chauncey_Depew" title="Chauncey Depew">C. Depew</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> (R)</div>

</td>

<td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>:</b> <div class="hlist inline">

<ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">S. Payne</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">W. Sulzer</a> (D)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="De_Alva_S._Alexander" title="De Alva S. Alexander">D. Alexander</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="George_N._Southwick" title="George N. Southwick">G. Southwick</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Michael_E._Driscoll" title="Michael E. Driscoll">M. Driscoll</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="John_J._Fitzgerald" title="John J. Fitzgerald">J. Fitzgerald</a> (D)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Edward_B._Vreeland" title="Edward B. Vreeland">E. Vreeland</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="William_Henry_Draper_(congressman)" title="William Henry Draper (congressman)">W. Draper</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="Henry_M._Goldfogle" title="Henry M. Goldfogle">H. Goldfogle</a> (D)</li>

<li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="George_H._Lindsay" title="George H. Lindsay">G. Lindsay</a> (D)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="James_Breck_Perkins" title="James Breck Perkins"><i>J. Perkins</i></a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Charles_L._Knapp" title="Charles L. Knapp">C. Knapp</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="John_Wilbur_Dwight" title="John Wilbur Dwight">J. Dwight</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Thomas_W._Bradley" title="Thomas W. Bradley">T. Bradley</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="Joseph_A._Goulden" title="Joseph A. Goulden">J. Goulden</a> (D)</li>

<li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="Daniel_J._Riordan" title="Daniel J. Riordan">D. Riordan</a> (D)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="John_Emory_Andrus" title="John Emory Andrus">J. Andrus</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="William_Stiles_Bennet" title="William Stiles Bennet">W. Bennet</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="William_M._Calder" title="William M. Calder">W. Calder</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="William_W._Cocks" title="William W. Cocks">W. Cocks</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Jacob_Sloat_Fassett" title="Jacob Sloat Fassett">J. Fassett</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="J._Van_Vechten_Olcott" title="J. Van Vechten Olcott">J. V. Olcott</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Herbert_Parsons_(New_York_politician)" title="Herbert Parsons (New York politician)">H. Parsons</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="Francis_Burton_Harrison" title="Francis Burton Harrison">F. Harrison</a> (D)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Cyrus_Durey" title="Cyrus Durey">C. Durey</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="George_Winthrop_Fairchild" title="George Winthrop Fairchild">G. Fairchild</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="Charles_V._Fornes" title="Charles V. Fornes">C. Fornes</a> (D)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="George_R._Malby" title="George R. Malby">G. Malby</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="William_Willett_Jr." title="William Willett Jr.">W. Willett</a> (D)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Otto_G._Foelker" title="Otto G. Foelker">O. Foelker</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="Michael_F._Conry" title="Michael F. Conry">M. Conry</a> (D)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Daniel_A._Driscoll" title="Daniel A. Driscoll">D. Driscoll</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Charles_S._Millington" title="Charles S. Millington">C. Millington</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="James_S._Simmons_(New_York_politician)" title="James S. Simmons (New York politician)">J. Simmons</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="Richard_Young_(New_York_congressman)" title="Richard Young (New York congressman)">R. Young</a> (R)</li>

<li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="James_S._Havens" title="James S. Havens"><i>J. Havens</i></a> (D)</li></ul>

</div></div>

</td></tr>

</td>

<td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="James_Aloysius_O'Gorman" class="mw-redirect" title="James Aloysius O'Gorman">J. O'Gorman</a> (D)</div>